Purpose | Dosage Range | Frequency | Administration |
---|---|---|---|
General Use | 5-10 mg | 1x daily | Subcutaneous injection |
Metabolic Health | 10-15 mg | 1x daily | Subcutaneous injection |
Exercise Performance | 10-20 mg | 1x daily | Subcutaneous injection |
Research | 0.5-1.0 mg/kg | As per protocol | Subcutaneous/Intraperitoneal |
2. What is MOTS-c?
16 amino acid peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA
Sequence: MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR
Molecular weight: 2174.6 Da
Discovered in 2015 by researchers at the University of Southern California
Acts as a mitochondrial signaling peptide
Plays a role in metabolic homeostasis and cellular stress response
Activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathway
Enhances insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle
Regulates glucose metabolism and fatty acid oxidation
Influences folate cycle and de novo purine biosynthesis
Modulates mitochondrial function and biogenesis
Acts as an exercise mimetic
Influences cellular stress response pathways
Improves insulin sensitivity
Enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
Potential treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity
Acts as an exercise mimetic
Enhances physical performance and endurance
Potential benefits for age-related decline in physical capacity
Potential anti-aging effects
May improve age-related metabolic dysfunction
Possible neuroprotective properties
Potential cardioprotective effects
May improve endothelial function
Possible role in preventing atherosclerosis
Potential to improve bone density
May help prevent osteoporosis
Typical dose: 5-10 mg per day
Administered once daily
Higher dose: 10-15 mg per day
Administered once daily
Dose range: 10-20 mg per day
Administered once daily, preferably before exercise
DDose range: 0.5-1.0 mg per kg of body weight
Frequency depends on research protocol
Use bacteriostatic water or sterile saline to reconstitute lyophilized MOTS-c
Add water slowly, allowing it to trickle down the side of the vial
Gently swirl to mix, avoid shaking
Calculate dosage based on concentration (e.g., 5 mg/ml)
Use sterile syringes and needles for each injection
Common injection sites: abdomen, thigh, or upper arm
Rotate injection sites to prevent irritation
Can be administered at any time of day, but consistency is recommended
Metformin (for metabolic health)
Exercise regimens (for performance enhancement)
No significant adverse effects reported in preclinical trials
Human safety data is limited
Injection site reactions
Nausea
Headache
Fatigue
Not approved by the FDA for human use
Legal status varies by country and jurisdiction
Often restricted to research or medical use
In the US, it's legal to possess for research purposes but not for human consumption
Banned by WADA for competitive athletes
Always check local laws before purchasing or using MOTS-c
Store lyophilized powder at -20°C (-4°F)
Once reconstituted, store in refrigerator (2-8°C or 36-46°F)
Use within 30 days after reconstitution
Protect from light and excessive heat
Always use sterile techniques when handling
Effects may be noticeable within 2-4 weeks of consistent use, with metabolic improvements potentially occurring sooner.
While not primarily a weight loss drug, MOTS-c may contribute to improved metabolic health and body composition when combined with proper diet and exercise.
Long-term safety data in humans is limited. More research is needed to establish its safety profile for extended use.
MOTS-c has a unique mechanism of action focused on mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation, while peptides like CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin primarily affect growth hormone release.
MOTS-c shows promise as a mitochondrial-derived peptide with potential benefits for metabolic health, exercise performance, and aging. The typical dosage range of 5-20 mg per day appears effective for most research applications. Its unique mechanism of action, targeting mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation, makes it an intriguing subject for further study.However, its use should be approached cautiously due to limited long-term human safety data and varying legal status worldwide. As with any experimental compound, thorough research and professional consultation are essential before use. The potential of MOTS-c in metabolic disorders, exercise enhancement, and age-related conditions warrants further investigation, particularly in larger, long-term human trials.
Lee, C., et al. (2015). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism, 21(3), 443-454.
Reynolds, J. C., et al. (2021). MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nature Communications, 12(1), 470.
Kim, S. J., et al. (2018). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity. Physiological Reports, 6(23), e13943.
Lu, H., et al. (2019). MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction. Journal of Molecular Medicine, 97(4), 473-485.
Zhai, D., et al. (2017). MOTS-c peptide increases survival and decreases bacterial load in mice infected with MRSA. Molecular Immunology, 92, 151-160.
Ramanjaneya, M., et al. (2019). Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides in Energy Metabolism. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 316(2), E216-E225.
Miller, B., et al. (2020). The mitochondrial derived peptide MOTS-c attenuates the inflammatory response and protects against acute lung injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 88(6), 806-814.
Qin, Q., et al. (2018). Downregulation of circulating MOTS-c levels in patients with coronary endothelial dysfunction. International Journal of Cardiology, 254, 23-27.
Mehta, H. H., et al. (2020). MOTS-c is a Circulating Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of Age-Dependent Obesity. Aging Cell, 19(3), e13135.
Yin, X., et al. (2021). The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis and Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Aging and Disease, 12(1), 265-276.
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